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An original text or artifact produced within the tradition or period under study. It offers direct evidence for language, practice, and belief, and is the basis for later interpretation and transmission.

The Iliad
Homer
750-700 BCE
Greek

The Odyssey
Homer
700-600 BCE
Greek

Epic of Gilgamesh
Sin-leqi-unninni
1200-1000 BCE
Mesopotamian, Akkadian

Mahabharata
Vyasa
200 BCE-400 CE
Indian, Hindu

Ramayana
Valmiki
300-100 BCE
Indian, Hindu

Rigveda
Anonymous
1200-900 BCE
Indian, Hindu

Poetic Edda
Anonymous
1270 CE
Germanic, Norse

Enuma Elish
Anonymous
1100-1000 BCE
Mesopotamian, Babylonian

Metamorphoses
Ovid
1 BCE-8 CE
Roman

One Thousand and One Nights
Anonymous
1300-1800 CE
Arabic

The Aeneid
Virgil
29-19 BCE
Roman

Book of the Dead
Anonymous
1550-50 BCE
Egyptian

Beowulf
Anonymous
1000-1025 CE
Germanic, Anglo-Saxon

Oedipus Rex
Sophocles
429-425 BCE
Greek

Oresteia
Aeschylus
458 BCE
Greek

Popol Vuh
Anonymous
1554-1703 CE
Mesoamerican, Mayan

Kojiki
O no Yasumaro
712 CE
East Asian, Japanese

Nihon Shoki
Prince Toneri
720 CE
East Asian, Japanese

Antigone
Sophocles
441 BCE
Greek

Apollodorus' Library
Pseudo-Apollodorus
1-200 CE
Greek

Theogony
Hesiod
700-600 BCE
Greek

Baal Cycle
Anonymous
1300 BCE
Levantine, Ugaritic

Atrahasis
Anonymous
1700 BCE
Mesopotamian, Akkadian

The Descent of Inanna
Anonymous
1900-1600 BCE
Mesopotamian, Sumerian